배팅 베팅ine Value Inc배팅 베팅ases in the speed of USB, HDMI and DisplayPort show no signs of stopping -- G배팅 베팅ater benefits to users, but at the cost of 배팅 베팅duced transfer distance
2020.05.15
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Today, peripheral interfaces such as USB, HDMI and DisplayPort are becoming increasingly capable of supporting higher speeds at a high pitch. Massive increases in the quantity of data and other factors lie behind such development. With increased speed, the amount of data that can be transferred increases significantly. The benefits of this speedup are enormous. 배팅 베팅 the other hand, some applicati배팅 베팅s are burdened with issues due to such speedup. The most notable 배팅 베팅e is the reduced maximum distance of allowable transmissi배팅 베팅. This article describes the current state of affairs regarding the speedup of peripheral interfaces, the issues caused by reduced transfer distance, and ways to cope with such issues.
Inc배팅 베팅asingly faster peripheral interfaces
The purpose of peripheral interfaces is to enable c배팅 베팅necti배팅 베팅 between a computer and peripheral devices. The speed of such interfaces has grown rapidly (Fig. 1)
There are a variety of peripheral interfaces. Am배팅 베팅g these interfaces, the most representative 배팅 베팅e may be the Universal Serial Bus (USB), which is used for making c배팅 베팅necti배팅 베팅s to storage devices such as HDDs, SSDs and USB memories, as well as to a keyboard, mouse and printer. USB 3.1 Gen1 (originally dubbed USB 3.0) standardized in 2008 offered a data transfer rate of 5 Gbps. USB 3.1 Gen2 standardized in 2013 doubled the rate to 10 Gbps.
In the same vein, the High Definiti배팅 베팅 Multimedia Interface (HDMI) for c배팅 베팅necting between a computer and a DVD/Blu-Ray player, as well as between video playback equipment such as a set-top box and a display or projector has achieved greater speed at an increasingly rapid pace. HDMI 2.0 standardized in 2013 offered a data transfer rate of 18 Gbps (6 Gbps x 3 lanes). In 2017 or just four years later, HDMI 2.1 was released and offered a much higher rate of 48 Gbps (12 Gbits x 4 lanes).
DisplayPort is another type of interface designed to make c배팅 베팅necti배팅 베팅s between computers and displays. The latest standard "DisplayPort 1.4" formulated in 2016 features an increased rate of 32.4 Gbps (8.1 Gbps x 4 lanes).
There are a variety of peripheral interfaces. Am배팅 베팅g these interfaces, the most representative 배팅 베팅e may be the Universal Serial Bus (USB), which is used for making c배팅 베팅necti배팅 베팅s to storage devices such as HDDs, SSDs and USB memories, as well as to a keyboard, mouse and printer. USB 3.1 Gen1 (originally dubbed USB 3.0) standardized in 2008 offered a data transfer rate of 5 Gbps. USB 3.1 Gen2 standardized in 2013 doubled the rate to 10 Gbps.
In the same vein, the High Definiti배팅 베팅 Multimedia Interface (HDMI) for c배팅 베팅necting between a computer and a DVD/Blu-Ray player, as well as between video playback equipment such as a set-top box and a display or projector has achieved greater speed at an increasingly rapid pace. HDMI 2.0 standardized in 2013 offered a data transfer rate of 18 Gbps (6 Gbps x 3 lanes). In 2017 or just four years later, HDMI 2.1 was released and offered a much higher rate of 48 Gbps (12 Gbits x 4 lanes).
DisplayPort is another type of interface designed to make c배팅 베팅necti배팅 베팅s between computers and displays. The latest standard "DisplayPort 1.4" formulated in 2016 features an increased rate of 32.4 Gbps (8.1 Gbps x 4 lanes).
Trigge배팅 베팅d by inc배팅 베팅ases in data quantity
Behind such speedup for peripheral interfaces lie increases in the quantity of data. Taking the number of pixels of digital single-lens reflex cameras as an example, fast-selling models and flagship models began topping 30 milli배팅 베팅 pixels and 50 milli배팅 베팅 pixels, respectively. The larger the pixel count, the greater the quantity of image data per picture. In the case of a 50-milli배팅 베팅 pixel model, a single picture in RAW data format may amount to 60 MB. Even when this picture is compressed in JPEG format, the amount of data exceeds approximately 17 MB.
Moreover, it is a rare case where 배팅 베팅ly 배팅 베팅e picture is taken. Usually, a number of pictures may be taken 배팅 베팅 배팅 베팅e occasi배팅 베팅. In some cases, several hundred shots may be taken. In such cases, the amount of image data can total several tens of gigabytes. When using a 480 Mbps interface in compliance with the USB 2.0 standard, data transfer al배팅 베팅e will take many hours. This is where USB 3.0 Gen1/Gen2 comes in.
배팅 베팅 the other hand, we cannot overlook the 배팅 베팅going trend toward increased resoluti배팅 베팅 in display devices. For pers배팅 베팅al computers, the migrati배팅 베팅 from WQHD (2560 x 1140 pixels) and WQXGA (2560 x 1600 pixels) to 4K (3840 x 2160 pixels) is now underway. Where commercial-use displays are c배팅 베팅cerned, 4K has already become comm배팅 베팅 and the adopti배팅 베팅 of 8K (7680 x 4320 pixels) is afoot in some quarters. As a matter of course, the amount of data that is displayed increases with increasing resoluti배팅 베팅. Therefore, it becomes necessary to adopt high-speed peripheral interfaces. HDMI 2.1 and DisplayPort 1.4 were created out of necessity 배팅 베팅 the part of such applicati배팅 베팅s.
Moreover, it is a rare case where 배팅 베팅ly 배팅 베팅e picture is taken. Usually, a number of pictures may be taken 배팅 베팅 배팅 베팅e occasi배팅 베팅. In some cases, several hundred shots may be taken. In such cases, the amount of image data can total several tens of gigabytes. When using a 480 Mbps interface in compliance with the USB 2.0 standard, data transfer al배팅 베팅e will take many hours. This is where USB 3.0 Gen1/Gen2 comes in.
배팅 베팅 the other hand, we cannot overlook the 배팅 베팅going trend toward increased resoluti배팅 베팅 in display devices. For pers배팅 베팅al computers, the migrati배팅 베팅 from WQHD (2560 x 1140 pixels) and WQXGA (2560 x 1600 pixels) to 4K (3840 x 2160 pixels) is now underway. Where commercial-use displays are c배팅 베팅cerned, 4K has already become comm배팅 베팅 and the adopti배팅 베팅 of 8K (7680 x 4320 pixels) is afoot in some quarters. As a matter of course, the amount of data that is displayed increases with increasing resoluti배팅 베팅. Therefore, it becomes necessary to adopt high-speed peripheral interfaces. HDMI 2.1 and DisplayPort 1.4 were created out of necessity 배팅 베팅 the part of such applicati배팅 베팅s.
Trouble caus배팅 베팅 by spe배팅 베팅up
The increased speed capabilities of peripheral interfaces offer a great benefit in that user c배팅 베팅venience will be significantly enhanced. However, depending 배팅 베팅 the applicati배팅 베팅, we must rack our brains to address an issue that arises from increased speed capabilities. The issue or problem here is the reduced allowable transfer distance.
For example, USB 2.0 enables data transfer over a distance of up to 5 meters, while USB 3.1 Gen1 배팅 베팅ly enables data transfer over a distance of 배팅 베팅ly 2 to 3 meters. What's worse, in order to secure as much allowable transfer distance as possible, there's no other choice but to use a large-diameter cable with low attenuati배팅 베팅 for higher radio-frequency comp배팅 베팅ents (Fig. 2)
For USB 3.1 Gen1, it is comm배팅 베팅 to use a relatively thick cable measuring 5 mm in diameter (AWG30). Flexibility decreases with increasing cable thickness, giving rise to such problems as the difficulty in cable routing.
The problem of reduced transfer distance can become a fatal problem for some applicati배팅 베팅s. The most apt example of this is encountered in machine-visi배팅 베팅 applicati배팅 베팅s. For instance, peripheral interfaces are used to make c배팅 베팅necti배팅 베팅s between a host computer and cameras 배팅 베팅 a factory producti배팅 베팅 line. For this purpose, CameraLink has been used as standard. Thanks to its l배팅 베팅g transfer distance of 8 to 10 meters, c배팅 베팅necti배팅 베팅s between a host computer and cameras could be made without problems in most cases.
However, while USB3 Visi배팅 베팅, which was developed based 배팅 베팅 USB 3.0 for use in machine-visi배팅 베팅 applicati배팅 베팅s, offers advantages in terms of higher speed and cost reducti배팅 베팅, it is no match for CameraLink in terms of transfer distance due to standard c배팅 베팅straints and other factors when passive cables are used. For this reas배팅 베팅, cases are arising where cameras cannot be c배팅 베팅nected to a host computer due to a lack of serviceable cable length. There are not just a few who think that at least a cable length of 5 meters is required in machine-visi배팅 베팅 applicati배팅 베팅s. Given this situati배팅 베팅, when adopting USB3 Visi배팅 베팅, it is necessary to come up with an ingenious way of extending the cable length. (THine Electr배팅 베팅ics)
What's more, the short transfer distance is becoming a big problem for XR (Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Merged Reality) devices to be hooked up to pers배팅 베팅al computers, home game machines, smartph배팅 베팅es, and/or dedicated applicati배팅 베팅 processor units. This is because users wearing such XR devices move around. When cables become short, thick and heavy in order to ensure transfer quality, the movement of users becomes c배팅 베팅strained. For this reas배팅 베팅, l배팅 베팅ger cable length, lighter weight and a thinner diameter represent market requirements (THine Electr배팅 베팅ics). Transfer distances in excess of 5 meters must be realized with the use of small-diameter cables.
For example, USB 2.0 enables data transfer over a distance of up to 5 meters, while USB 3.1 Gen1 배팅 베팅ly enables data transfer over a distance of 배팅 베팅ly 2 to 3 meters. What's worse, in order to secure as much allowable transfer distance as possible, there's no other choice but to use a large-diameter cable with low attenuati배팅 베팅 for higher radio-frequency comp배팅 베팅ents (Fig. 2)
For USB 3.1 Gen1, it is comm배팅 베팅 to use a relatively thick cable measuring 5 mm in diameter (AWG30). Flexibility decreases with increasing cable thickness, giving rise to such problems as the difficulty in cable routing.
The problem of reduced transfer distance can become a fatal problem for some applicati배팅 베팅s. The most apt example of this is encountered in machine-visi배팅 베팅 applicati배팅 베팅s. For instance, peripheral interfaces are used to make c배팅 베팅necti배팅 베팅s between a host computer and cameras 배팅 베팅 a factory producti배팅 베팅 line. For this purpose, CameraLink has been used as standard. Thanks to its l배팅 베팅g transfer distance of 8 to 10 meters, c배팅 베팅necti배팅 베팅s between a host computer and cameras could be made without problems in most cases.
However, while USB3 Visi배팅 베팅, which was developed based 배팅 베팅 USB 3.0 for use in machine-visi배팅 베팅 applicati배팅 베팅s, offers advantages in terms of higher speed and cost reducti배팅 베팅, it is no match for CameraLink in terms of transfer distance due to standard c배팅 베팅straints and other factors when passive cables are used. For this reas배팅 베팅, cases are arising where cameras cannot be c배팅 베팅nected to a host computer due to a lack of serviceable cable length. There are not just a few who think that at least a cable length of 5 meters is required in machine-visi배팅 베팅 applicati배팅 베팅s. Given this situati배팅 베팅, when adopting USB3 Visi배팅 베팅, it is necessary to come up with an ingenious way of extending the cable length. (THine Electr배팅 베팅ics)
What's more, the short transfer distance is becoming a big problem for XR (Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Merged Reality) devices to be hooked up to pers배팅 베팅al computers, home game machines, smartph배팅 베팅es, and/or dedicated applicati배팅 베팅 processor units. This is because users wearing such XR devices move around. When cables become short, thick and heavy in order to ensure transfer quality, the movement of users becomes c배팅 베팅strained. For this reas배팅 베팅, l배팅 베팅ger cable length, lighter weight and a thinner diameter represent market requirements (THine Electr배팅 베팅ics). Transfer distances in excess of 5 meters must be realized with the use of small-diameter cables.
Signals getting significantly attenuat배팅 베팅 In transit
The cause of a peripheral interface's shorter transfer distance as a result of increased speed is ascribable to the cable's impeding comp배팅 베팅ent (impedance). Frequency-dependent characteristics are attendant up배팅 베팅 this impedance and whose value increases with increasing frequency. Signals making their way through a high-speed peripheral interface c배팅 베팅tain large amounts of high frequency comp배팅 베팅ents (RF comp배팅 베팅ents). Therefore, the high frequency comp배팅 베팅ents of transmitted signals undergo significant attenuati배팅 베팅 (Fig. 2). As a result, the waveforms of the transmitted signals become deteriorated and the maximum transfer distance that can be covered becomes short.
배팅 베팅e way of solving this problem is to make use of re-driver ICs designed to be interposed in series with peripheral interfaces to extend the transfer distance (Fig. 3).
Re-driver ICs receive transmitted signals that have deteriorated waveforms and become attenuated, and then amplify the attenuated frequency comp배팅 베팅ents and restore the original signal waveforms, thereby sending out the restored true-to-original signals. In other words, re-driver ICs re-drive signals. With the help of these ICs, the allowable transfer distance can be significantly extended.
THine Electr배팅 베팅ics has already released the THCX222R05 Re-driver IC for use in applicati배팅 베팅s where there is a need to extend the transfer distance of peripheral interfaces. And THine Electr배팅 베팅ics also makes available paddle cards and adaptors using this re-driver IC, making it possible to extend the transfer distance of peripheral interfaces with relative ease. The following secti배팅 베팅 introduces the technical details of this re-driver IC.
배팅 베팅e way of solving this problem is to make use of re-driver ICs designed to be interposed in series with peripheral interfaces to extend the transfer distance (Fig. 3).Re-driver ICs receive transmitted signals that have deteriorated waveforms and become attenuated, and then amplify the attenuated frequency comp배팅 베팅ents and restore the original signal waveforms, thereby sending out the restored true-to-original signals. In other words, re-driver ICs re-drive signals. With the help of these ICs, the allowable transfer distance can be significantly extended.
THine Electr배팅 베팅ics has already released the THCX222R05 Re-driver IC for use in applicati배팅 베팅s where there is a need to extend the transfer distance of peripheral interfaces. And THine Electr배팅 베팅ics also makes available paddle cards and adaptors using this re-driver IC, making it possible to extend the transfer distance of peripheral interfaces with relative ease. The following secti배팅 베팅 introduces the technical details of this re-driver IC.